Consciousness cannot be explained by matter
This argument is used in the debate Does God exist?.
This argument is an objection to There is no spirit outside matter.
Summary
Quotes
“we have independent reasons for believing that materialism is a false doctrine. Thus, the philosophical theory of mental activity convincingly demonstrates that materialism is incapable of explaining by reduction or emergence not only the existence of the higher operations of the mind (total self-reflection, apprehension of abstractions), but also the existence of mere "phenomenal" sensory consciousness (i.e. consciousness as subjective experience): we must necessarily assume the existence of non-derivative, intrinsically spiritual properties, susceptible of degrees of intensity. We thus have proof that spirit - if by spirit we mean "first-person existence", in other words, consciousness - is an indubitable, irreducible, ineradicable reality.”
References
Justifications
Objections
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The mechanisms of consciousness are unknown
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Consciousness is not clearly defined